We are interested in how ecosystems work biogeochemically. We employ a host of field, laboratory, and theoretical approaches to investigate elemental constraints and dynamics within and across ecosystems, landscapes, and biomes.  We are particularly interested in integration across levels of ecological organization and across long time and large spatial scales ranging from individual organism-environment interactions to the dynamics of the Earth-climate system.  We are also interested in how human activities are changing ecosystem structure and function at local to global scales via atmospheric pollution, disturbance, and climate change.​